![]() single song of bird B), two sets of renditions of one call type for two different birds (single-call-type test: e.g. Re and NoRe vocalizations can correspond to two different stimuli (shaping: e.g. In this task, birds maximize a food reward by interrupting the playback of vocalizations from a nonrewarded (NoRe) vocalizer and refraining to interrupt the playback of vocalizations from a rewarded (Re) vocalizer (Fig. We used a modified go−no go task to test whether birds can discriminate the identity of vocalizers. Birds are also able to identify a vocalizer irrespective of call type, a task that requires the memorization of a set of vocal signatures. Our behavioral experiments show that birds are able to discriminate the identity of vocalizers for all calls of the adult repertoires and for the two call types unique to juveniles. The strength of this signature varies across call types and is stronger for social contact calls. We find that zebra finches do not produce signatures that generalize across call types but instead generate call-type-specific individual signatures. Here, using operant conditioning design to measure behavioral discriminability and acoustic analyses to determine the features that carry individual information, we perform a thorough comparison of individual signatures across the repertoire of the zebra finch. 48 for Long Tonal calls), it is a good model to investigate mechanisms of identity coding through a whole repertoire. Because the coding of identity has been shown independently for some of these call types (Begging calls 33, 34 Distance calls 1, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 Song 42, 43, 44, 45 and soft calls 46, 47 but see ref. The zebra finch is a highly vocal social songbird that relies on a set of 11 call types to communicate different behavioral states, intents or needs 31, 32. Here, we will contrast the use of passive-voice-cues (called simply voice from now on) to signature cues. The nonexclusive passive-voice, active-voice, and signatures strategies have yet to be explored when studying individual recognition across a repertoire. Alternatively, or, in addition to passive-voice-cues, humans and animals can actively control their vocal organ not only to produce the different utterances or call types that carry different meanings 26, but also to either exaggerate their voice features, active-voice-cues (red deer 27, humans 28), or to implicitly advertise one’s identity, signature cues (Dolphins’ whistles 5, 29, and humans’ stereotypical volitional laughing bouts 30). In support of that hypothesis, vocal tract resonances have been found to provide reliable cues to an individual’s identity in some calls of nonhuman mammals 14, 15, 24, 25. Individual information in animals could similarly be the result of morphological individual differences in the vocal apparatus that would cause similar passive shaping of the sound across all calls in one’s repertoire: the passive-voice-cues 24. The percept of the human voice results in part from the combination of fundamental frequency modulations determined by the properties of the vocal source, and of specific spectral shaping by the vocal tract 12, 23. If vocal recognition was to exist throughout a repertoire, it would provide a unique opportunity to study the nature of the individual signature given the particular physical constrains of sound production and the ecological pressure to also produce distinctive multiple call types. 13.) or in a few call types 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 but yet, it is unknown whether individual recognition is present for an entire vocal repertoire or, for humans, irrespective of the vocalization produced may it be laughing, speaking, shouting or whispering 22. Investigation of individual vocal recognition in animals, including humans, has demonstrated individual discrimination either in single-call types (e.g. Social animals also have complex vocal repertoires comprised of multiple call types that they use to communicate different behavioral states (e.g. Birds 1, 2, 3 Mammals 4, 5, 6, 7 Amphibians 8, 9 reviewed in refs. Humans share the ability to recognize familiar individuals using vocal-cues with many other animal species that rely on individual-specific relationships, such as mated pair bonds, the mother−young bond, or the tolerance relationship developed by neighbor territorial animals (e.g. ![]()
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